根据托马· 斯库恩，未能获得解决的异常我建立新的模型提供开口。 库恩坚持认为，制造出新模型来挑战当时的范式的人总是该领域的新人或一直在其它领域工作。 在同一个普遍范式工作了多年，使思维过于聚焦和狭窄，使得进行 “盒子之外 ”的思想成为困难。

If a new model can solve important anomalies that the puzzle-solvers of the prevailing paradigm cannot solve, the young rebels who are advocating the new model will be filled with excitement and zeal. Simultaneously, the old guard of the prevailing paradigm will be filled with rage and horror. They will view the challenge of the young rebels as a dire threat to the institutional kingdom they have built. As a result, a great propaganda war between the old guard and the young rebels will break out and shake the halls of ivy.

如果一种新的模型，可以解决普遍范式的谜团解难者无法解决的重要异常，倡导这种新模型的青年反叛分子将充满了兴奋与狂热。在此 同时，普遍范式老一代卫道士们将一个个充满愤怒和恐惧。 他们视挑战的青年反叛分子为对于他们所建立的研究机构王国的可怕的威胁。 作为结果 ，老一代卫道士与青年反叛分子之间发生的宣传战将动摇常春藤构成的会堂。

The old guard controls the establishment and will use it to disseminate propaganda in their war against the young rebels. They will use the college classrooms and the academic journals as instruments in the propaganda war. The young rebels who are outgunned in the classroom and shut out of the journals must make their appeal to the public through books, magazines, tracts, speeches, and debates. They must seek friendly allies in the churches and in government. The old guard can meet this challenge through the press and the courts. The academic old guard of seventeenth-century Italy used the church courts to stop Galileo. At the present time, the evolutionary old guard is using the press and the courts to try to stop intelligent design scientists. The modes of propaganda are opportunistic and the polemics can be vicious. We are witnessing an historical scientific revolution between the old guard of evolution and the young rebels of intelligent design.

老一代卫道士控制着 “科学共同体 ”，用它来传播他们对付青年反叛分子的宣传战。 他们还将利用高校的教室和学术期刊作为他们宣传战的手段。 年轻的反叛分子，课堂上处于劣势并遭到期刊的拒绝，必须通过书籍，杂志，传单，演讲和辩论想公众发出呼吁。 他们必须在教会和政府寻求友邦。 老一代卫道士能够通过新闻界和法院应付这些挑战。十七世纪意大利学院派老一代的卫道士利用教会法庭停止伽利略。 在当代，生物进化论老一代的卫道士利用新闻和法院设法阻止生物智能设计科学家。 宣传的模式是投机取巧的，诡辩是可恶性的。 我们是生物进化论老一代卫道士与生物智能设计年轻的反叛分子之间这场历史性的科学革命的见证人。

对伽利略的审判

If the young rebels win, a scientific revolution will occur. The young rebels will be catapulted into scientific fame and glory. The influence of the old guard will vanish, and they will be cast into the darkness of oblivion, where they will be forever ignored and forgotten. Great scientific progress can be made in the early days of a scientific revolution. Victory by the young rebels brings a freshness and vigor to science for a limited number of years. Eventually, institutional rigor mortis will set in and the cycle will begin again. No prevailing paradigm in science lasts forever. Kuhn recognized, as did Kant, that there will always be a gap between the best scientific models and the underlying realities of nature.
如果年轻人反叛分子获胜，将发生一场科学革命。 年轻的反叛分子会享受科学名利和荣耀。 老一代卫道士的 影响将消失殆尽，它们将被投入到被遗忘的黑暗中，而且是永远被遗忘。这样一场科学革命之初， 科学获得伟大的进展。 年轻人反叛分子取得的胜利将带来数年的新鲜和活力。然而 最终，体制僵化的号角将再次响起，同样的循环将再次开始。科学中没有任何流行 范式能够存在永远。 库恩承认，康德也强调，最好的科学模型与下边的自然界的现实性之间永远有差距。

Kuhn warned that the propaganda war is not always won on the merits of the science. Political power, pervasive propaganda, control of the classroom, and domination of the press and academic journals can save the prevailing paradigm for another generation. The old guard has a better grasp of these hard realities than the comparatively naive young rebels. The young rebels can win if they inspire young scientists, multiply their numbers, and win the battle for public opinion.

库恩警告说，宣传战并不总是基于科学的是非曲直决定输赢。 政治权力，无孔不入的宣传力度，对学校课堂的控制，对新闻和学术期刊的垄断性控制，能够令普遍范式再延续一代人。 老一代卫道士们比相对幼稚的青少年反叛分子更能够把握这些严酷的现实。 年轻的反叛分子如果能振奋一些青年科学家们，就能成倍增加他们的人数，赢得对公众舆论的争夺。